[关键词]
[摘要]
分子生物学技术的飞速发展,使人们对运动员何以成为世界冠军有了更深刻的认识。现代遗传和表观遗传学认为,运动员要想成为世界冠军,必须要有与之相匹配的杰出运动表现,而杰出运动表现是受多种遗传变异、表观遗传修饰以及环境(训练、营养)影响的多因素表型,是基因型和环境因子相互作用的结果。DNA 编码信息提供了个体运动能力能够达到上限的蓝图,决定着运动潜力以及可训练性的个体差异,而训练、营养等诸多环境因素可通过改变与运动能力相关基因的表观遗传学修饰,影响个体运动表现的好坏。表观遗传学不但搭建了“基因—环境”之间的桥梁或中介,而且把运动员个体的运动潜力与运动表现密切地联系在一起。刻意训练作为一种环境表观遗传调制器,可在不影响 DNA 编码的情况下,通过诱导表观遗传学修饰改变调控运动能力相关基因的表达水平,在运动员杰出运动表现的塑造过程中发挥极其重要的作用。因此,只有拥有“完美”运动天赋的基因组合,又能通过刻意训练使其基因充分表达的运动员,才有可能成为世界冠军。
[Key word]
[Abstract]
The rapid development of molecular biology technology has channeled into people a deeper understanding of the emergence of world champions. Modern genetics and epigenetics believe that in order for athletes to become world champions,they must have outstanding sports performance that matches them,and outstanding sports performance is a multifactorial phenotype affected by multiple genetic variations,epigenetic modifications,and the environment (training, nutrition),which is the result of the interaction of genotype and environmental factors. DNA coding information provides a blueprint for an individual’s athletic ability to reach the upper limit,determines the individual differences in athletic potential and trainability,and many environmental factors such as training and nutrition can affect the quality of individual athletic performance by changing the epigenetic modification of genes related to exercise ability. Epigenetics not only builds a bridge or mediation between genes and the environment,but also closely links the athletic potential of individual athletes to athletic performance. As an environmental epigenetic modulator,deliberate training can play an extremely important role in shaping athletes’ outstanding sports performance by inducing epigenetic modifications to change the expression level of genes related to exercise ability without affecting DNA coding. Therefore,only athletes who have the “perfect” combination of athletic talent genes and can fully express their genes through deliberate training can become world champions.
[中图分类号]
R87,G808.18
[基金项目]
国家自然科学基金项目(81960420)