目的：探索体育高考原地推铅球项目满分和非满分考生的技术动作在生物力学指标上的差异性，为提高原地推铅球的成绩提供科学的指导。方法：通过Vicon三维运动捕捉系统、Kistler三维测力台、Noraxon表面肌电测试设备获取两组受试者在投掷过程中的运动学、动力学和表面肌电数据，通过仿真计算并比较两组受试者在快速推球阶段髋、膝、踝、肩、肘关节的角度、角速度峰值和力矩峰值， 出手速度和重心位移，以及计算地面反作用力和主要肌群的募集程度、发力时序等生物力学指标。结果：①运动学：左手的预摆线速度峰值（LHDV-X）、左踝跖屈角速度峰值（LAKAV-X）、右膝伸展角速度峰值（RKEAV-X）、左膝伸展角速度峰值（LKEAV-X）满分组大于非满分组（P＜0.05），躯干位移峰值 （CLAV-Z）、右踝跖屈角速度峰值（RAKAV-X）、右髋伸展角速度峰值（RHPAV-X）满分组小于非满分组（P ＜0.05）；②动力学方面：左髋关节伸展力矩峰值（LHPM-X）满分组大于非满分组（P＜0.05），右膝关节伸展力矩峰值（RKEM-X）、右髋关节伸展力矩峰值（RHPM-X）满分组小于非满分组（P＜0.05）；③表面肌电： 右竖脊肌（ESR）、左腹外斜肌（EOL）、左臀大肌（GML）、右腓肠肌（GAR）募集程度满分组小于非满分组 （P＜0.05）。结论：与满分组相比，水平出手速度、右肩前屈角速度、左手在投掷方向上的预摆线速度、右侧上肢用力和右侧三角肌的募集程度等方面的不足是非满分组投掷距离较小的主要原因。左臀大肌、 左腹外斜肌、右胸大肌的提早激活是非满分组上肢发力不足和水平出手速度较低的主要原因。

This study aims to provide scientific guidance for improving the performance of the standing shot put by comparing and analyzing the differences in biomechanical characteristics parameters of the in situ shot put technique between candidates who participated in the physical education entrance examination with full marks and non-full marks. The kinematic，kinetic and surface EMG data of two groups of subjects during the throwing process were obtained by Vicon 3D motion capture system， Kistler 3D dynamometer and Noraxon surface EMG test equipment，and the peak angular velocities and peak moments of the hip，knee，ankle，shoulder and elbow joints，the strike velocity and center of gravity displacement，as well as the calculation of ground reaction forces and biomechanical indices such as the degree of recruitment of major muscle groups and the timing of force generation were calculated and compared between the two groups of subjects during the rapid pushing phase. The results suggest：1） kinematics： The peak precession line velocity （LHDV-X） of the left hand，peak plantarflexion angle velocity （LAKAV-X） of the left ankle，peak extension angle velocity （RKEAV-X） of the right knee，peak extension angle velocity （LKEAV-X） of the left knee in the full marks group were greater than the non-full marks group （P＜0.05），and the peak trunk displacement （CLAV-Z），right ankle peak plantarflexion angular velocity （RAKAV-X），and right hip peak extension angular velocity （RHPAV-X） were smaller than the non-full group （P＜0.05）； 2） Kinetics： The left hip peak extension moment （LHPM-X）of the full marks group was larger than the non-full group （P＜0.05），and the right knee peak extension moment （RKEM-X） and right hip peak extension moment （RHPM-X） of the full group were smaller than the non-full group （P＜0.05）； 3） sEMG： the right erector spinae （ESR），left external abdominal oblique muscle （EOL），left gluteus maximus （GML），and right gastrocnemius （GAR） of the full marks group were smaller than the non-full group （P＜0.05）. It is therefore concluded that compared with the full marks group，the deficiencies in horizontal exit velocity，right shoulder forward flexion angle velocity，left hand pre-swing line velocity in the throwing direction，right upper extremity force and right deltoid recruitment degree were the main reasons for the smaller throwing distance of the non-full group. Early activation of the left gluteus maximus，left external abdominal oblique，and right pectoralis major were the main reason for the lack of upper body force and lower horizontal exit velocity in the non-full group.

G824.1；G804.6；G633.96

湖北省教育厅科学研究计划项目（B2022234）；武汉体育学院东湖学者计划；武汉体育学院校级科研团队（21KY02）；武汉体育学院“十四五”湖北省优势特色学科（群）（鄂教研〔2021〕5 号）